logo
Fujian Xinyun Machinery Development Co., Ltd.
products
news
Home >

China Fujian Xinyun Machinery Development Co., Ltd. Company News

Modern Toilet Paper Production Line: Technology & Process

Modern Toilet Paper Production Line: Technology & Process Core Components Pulp Preparation System         Hydrapulper for fiber disintegration        High-consistency cleaning equipment        Dosing system for additives (softeners, wet strength agents)     2. Paper Machine Section       Crescent former technology (most common)      Yankee dryer with hood system      Creping doctor blade system    3. Converting Line       Jumbo roll rewinder (max speed:230m/min)       Embossing/laminating units       Log saw with laser positioning (±0.3mm accuracy)    4.  Technical Specifications         Production capacity: 3-5 tons/day        Basis weight range: 14-30gsm        Energy consumption: 50kWh/ton        Minimum manpower: 3 operators/shift Key Features ✔ Automation LevelPLC control with SCADA interfaceAutomatic grade change systemRemote monitoring capability ✔ Sustainability ElementsHeat recovery systemsWater recycling up to 90%Bio-degradable packaging options ✔ LATAM Market AdaptationsTropical climate-resistant materialsSpanish/Portuguese operation interfaceCompliance with ANVISA/INMETRO standards tissue paper making machine|toilet paper making machine|toilet paper machine|tissue making machine|how to make toilet paper|toilet paper manufacturing process|tissue paper machine|toilet paper factory|tissue machine|toilet roll making machine|paper machine|paper making machine|toilet tissue making machine|napkin machine|tissue paper factory|tissue paper business|toilet paper manufacturing|paper napkin making machine|paper folding machine|paper core making machine|napkin making machine|napkin paper making machine|facial tissue machine|tissue making machine price

2025

05/30

The manufacturing process of hand towels

How Hand Towels Are Produced: A Step-by-Step Guide Hand towels, also known as paper towels, are essential hygiene products widely used in homes, restaurants, and public facilities. Their production involves a carefully controlled industrial process to ensure softness, absorbency, and strength. Below is an overview of the manufacturing stages: 1. Raw Material Preparation The process begins with pulp, typically sourced from: - Virgin wood pulp: Softwood (e.g., pine) for strength, and hardwood (e.g., eucalyptus) for softness. - Recycled paper: Environmentally friendly option requiring de-inking and sterilization. The pulp is mixed with water to create a slurry (99% water, 1% fiber). 2. Paper Formation - The slurry is fed into a paper machine: - Headbox: Distributes the mixture evenly onto a moving mesh screen. - Wire Section: Water drains through the mesh, forming a wet paper web. - Press Section :Rollers remove additional moisture. - Yankee Dryer: A heated cylinder dries the paper to 95% dryness while creping it for texture. 3. Embossing and Perforation - Embossing Rolls: Create patterns that enhance aesthetics and improve absorbency. - Perforation Blades: Add micro-cuts at regular intervals (typically 11" or 22") for easy tearing. 4. Converting Process - Jumbo Rolls: The dried paper is wound into large parent rolls (1-2 meters wide). - Rewinding: Rolls are split into smaller widths using log saws. - Folding & Cutting (for folded towels): - Accordion-style folding machines create interleaved sheets. - Guillotine cutters trim to final dimensions. 5. Quality Control Key parameters are tested: - Absorbency: Measured in grams of water absorbed per gram of towel. - Tensile Strength: Resistance to tearing when wet/dry. - Basis Weight: Standard range: 30-50 g/m². 6. Packaging - Automated systems count and stack towels. - Options include: - Pop-up dispensers for folded sheets - Coreless rolls for eco-friendly designs - Antimicrobial treatments (optional) 7. Sustainability Measures Modern facilities implement: - Closed-loop water systems - Biomass-powered dryers - Recyclable packaging materials --- Final Product Specifications - Sheet count per roll: 150-300 - Ply options: 1-ply to 3-ply - Absorption capacity: 15-25 g water/g towel This streamlined process allows manufacturers to produce over 50,000 tons of paper towels annually while meeting strict hygiene and environmental standards.   hand towel cutting machine | hand towel paper making machine | hand towel folding machine | hand towel paper processing machine | hand towel making machine | towel paper machine | towel paper making machine | N fold hand towel machine | tissue paper making machinery | hand towel machine | lamination hand towel machine | lamination towel paper machine

2025

05/20

How to choose a napkin paper machine?

Choosing the right napkin paper machine involves evaluating several critical factors to ensure it aligns with your production needs, budget, and long-term goals. Here’s a structured approach to guide your decision: ### 1. **Production Capacity & Speed** - **Output Requirements**: Determine daily/monthly production targets (e.g., units per hour). Machines vary in speed (e.g., 100–400 packs/min). - **Scalability**: Opt for a machine that can scale with future demand, possibly through modular upgrades. ### 2. **Napkin Type & Features** - **Ply & Size**: Ensure compatibility with 1-ply, 2-ply, or multi-layered napkins and required dimensions. - **Special Features**: Check for embossing, printing, folding styles (e.g., C-fold, interleaved), or perforation capabilities if needed. ### 3. **Automation Level** - **Fully Automatic**: Ideal for high-volume production with minimal labor (includes folding, cutting, packaging). - **Semi-Automatic**: Lower upfront cost but requires manual intervention for steps like feeding or packaging. ### 4. **Material Compatibility** - **Raw Materials**: Verify the machine works with your chosen materials (e.g., recycled paper, basis weight, roll width). - **Eco-Friendliness**: Consider energy-efficient models or those supporting sustainable materials if environmental impact is a priority. ### 5. **Space & Infrastructure** - **Footprint**: Measure available space and ensure the machine fits your facility layout. - **Power Supply**: Check voltage requirements (e.g., three-phase electricity) and energy consumption. ### 6. **Ease of Use & Maintenance** - **Operator Training**: Assess complexity and ensure supplier provides training. - **Maintenance Access**: Prioritize machines with easy access to parts and local technical support availability. ### 7. **Budget & ROI** - **Total Cost**: Include purchase price, installation, training, and ongoing maintenance. - **ROI Calculation**: Balance upfront costs against efficiency gains and production output. ### 8. **Supplier Reputation & Support** - **Reliability**: Research manufacturers’ track records, certifications (e.g., CE, ISO), and customer reviews. - **After-Sales Service**: Ensure warranties, spare parts availability, and responsive support. ### 9. **Regulatory Compliance & Safety** - **Standards**: Confirm adherence to safety regulations (e.g., OSHA) and industry certifications. - **Safety Features**: Look for emergency stops, protective guards, and compliance with local laws. ### 10. **Testing & Trials** - **Demo Sessions**: Visit suppliers to observe machine performance. Request trials using your materials to verify quality. ### 11. **Packaging Integration** - **End-to-End Solutions**: Some machines include packaging (e.g., bundling, wrapping); others require separate systems. ### 12. **Environmental Considerations** - **Waste Reduction**: Machines with minimal scrap rates or energy-saving modes reduce operational costs and environmental impact. ### 13. **Delivery & Logistics** - **Lead Time**: Factor in shipping, customs, and installation timelines, especially for imported machinery. ### Final Tips: - **Prioritize Needs**: Balance speed, automation, and budget based on your business model. - **Future-Proofing**: Consider modular machines for easy upgrades as demand grows. By systematically evaluating these factors, you can select a napkin machine that optimizes efficiency, cost, and quality for your specific needs.     Napkin paper machine | napkin paper folding machine | napkin paper embossing machine | napkin paper making machine | serviette paper machine | tissue paper machine | tissue paper printing machine | dinner napkin machine | napkin tissue machine | restaurant napkin machine | napkin paper processing machine | napkin paper production line | napkin paper packing machine | napkin paper wrapping machine | restaurant paper making machine | restaurant paper production line

2025

04/30

How to choose the toilet paper machine?

Choosing the right toilet paper machine involves evaluating several key factors to align with your production goals, budget, and operational capabilities. Here's a structured approach to guide your decision: ### 1. **Types of Toilet Paper Machines** - **Tissue Paper Machines**: Produce base paper from pulp (virgin or recycled). Types include: - **Crescent Former**: High-speed, efficient, ideal for lightweight paper. - **Suction Breast Roll**: Simpler, cost-effective for small-scale production. - **Fourdrinier**: Versatile for heavier grades but slower. - **Converting Machines**: Transform base paper into finished rolls. Options range from semi-automatic to fully automatic lines. ### 2. **Production Capacity** - **Output Needs**: Determine daily/monthly production targets. Machines vary in speed (e.g., 100-2000 m/min for tissue machines; 50-500 rolls/min for converting). - **Scalability**: Ensure the machine can handle future growth; modular designs allow upgrades. ### 3. **Raw Material Compatibility** - **Pulp Type**: Confirm the machine processes your chosen material (virgin, recycled, or mixed pulp). - **Fiber Preparation**: Check compatibility with additives (e.g., softeners, wet strength agents). ### 4. **Automation Level** - **Fully Automatic**: Higher upfront cost but lower labor needs and higher consistency. - **Semi-Automatic/Manual**: Lower initial investment, suitable for small-scale operations. ### 5. **Space and Layout** - **Footprint**: Ensure facility space accommodates the machine and workflow. Converting lines may require more room for unwinding, embossing, and packaging. ### 6. **Cost Considerations** - **Initial Investment**: Include machine price, installation, and training. - **Operational Costs**: Factor in energy consumption, maintenance, and spare parts. Energy-efficient models reduce long-term costs. ### 7. **Product Quality** - **Key Attributes**: Ensure the machine delivers desired softness, strength, and absorbency. Features like embossing or perforation enhance product appeal. - **Flexibility**: Adjust roll size, ply count, and patterns to meet market demands. ### 8. **Supplier Reputation and Support** - **After-Sales Service**: Prioritize suppliers with reliable technical support and spare parts availability. - **Warranty and Training**: Check warranty terms and whether operator training is included. ### 9. **Regulatory Compliance** - **Safety and Environmental Standards**: Verify adherence to local regulations (e.g., emissions, safety protocols). ### 10. **Testing and Validation** - **Factory Visits**: Observe machines in operation at existing client sites. - **Samples**: Request product samples made by the machine to assess quality. ### 11. **Future-Proofing** - **Upgradability**: Can the machine integrate with additional units or technologies? - **Market Trends**: Consider eco-friendly features if targeting sustainability-focused markets. ### Key Questions to Ask: - What is the total cost of ownership (initial + operational)? - How does the machine handle raw material variations? - What is the expected downtime for maintenance? - Does the supplier offer localized support? By systematically addressing these factors, you can select a toilet paper machine that balances efficiency, cost, and quality, ensuring it meets both current needs and future growth.   Jumbo towel paper machine | maxi towel paper machine | jumbo paper machine | lamination jumbo roll machine | lamination maxi paper machine | kitchen towel printing machine | toilet paper printing machine | toilet paper printing machine | kitchen towel printing machine | paper packing machine | toilet paper packing machine | kitchen towel packing machine | paper roll packing machine | toilet paper bundle packing machine | kitchen towel bundle packing machine | toilet tissue paper packing machine | toilet tissue paper bundle machine | tissue paper packing machine | tissue paper bundle packing machine | kitchen towel machine | kitchen towel paper machine | kitchen towel rewinding machine | kitchen towel paper rewinding machine | kitchen towel cutting machine | kitchen towel packing machine | kitchen towel production line | kitchen towel paper production line | towel paper machine | towel paper production line | toilet paper making machine | toilet paper production line | toilet roll machine | toilet roll production line | toilet paper band saw cutting machine | kitchen towel band saw cutting machine | small kitchen towel machine | small paper roll machine | small kitchen towel production line | laminated toilet paper machine | laminated toilet paper making machine | laminated toilet paper production line  

2025

04/30

Do you know how to produce napkin tissue paper?

Napkin paper production combines natural fibers, modern engineering, and quality control to create the soft, absorbent sheets we use daily. Here's how manufacturers transform raw materials into finished napkins: **1. Raw Material Preparation** The process begins with wood pulp (virgin or recycled) dissolved in water to create a fiber slurry. For premium "3-ply" napkins, multiple pulp layers are combined. Bamboo, sugarcane bagasse, or cotton fibers may supplement wood pulp for eco-friendly variations. **2. Pulp Processing** The slurry undergoes: - *Cleaning*: Removal of debris through centrifugal screens - *Bleaching*: Hydrogen peroxide whitening (chlorine-free methods for eco-labels) - *Additives*: Incorporation of wet-strength resins and softening agents **3. Paper Sheet Formation** Using Fourdrinier machines: 1) Slurry spreads onto moving mesh screens 2) Water drains via vacuum suction 3) Felt blankets absorb residual moisture 4) Steam-heated cylinders (dryers) reduce moisture to 5-8% **4. Embossing & Perforation** Napkins pass through steel rollers: - *Embossing rolls*: Create decorative patterns/textures - *Perforation blades*: Add tear lines between napkins Controlled pressure (20-40 psi) ensures consistent depth. **5. Converting Process** Automated machines: 1) Cut master rolls into specified widths (21cm/25cm/33cm) 2) Fold using "C-fold" or "Z-fold" patterns 3) Stack in predetermined counts (100/200/500 per pack) **6. Sterilization & Packaging** - UV-C light treatment eliminates microbes - Sealed in polypropylene wrap with desiccant packets - Optional: Eco-packaging using PLA bioplastics **Quality Control Checkpoints** - *Absorbency*: Must absorb 3x weight in 30s (ASTM D8247) - *Burst strength*: Minimum 200 kPa (ISO 12625-8) - *Brightness*: 85-92% measured by spectrophotometer **Sustainability Measures** Modern plants implement: - Closed-loop water systems (up to 90% reuse) - Waste pulp recycling into egg cartons/moldings - Biomass boilers using production waste as fuel **Production Capacity** A mid-sized line processes 2-5 tons/hour, yielding approximately: - 400,000 dinner napkins (33x33cm) - 1.2 million cocktail napkins (13x13cm)   RAW MATERIALS │ ▼ Pulp Preparation → Cleaning → Bleaching → Additives │ ▼ Paper Sheet Formation (Fourdrinier Machine) │ ▼ Embossing & Perforation │ ▼ Cutting → Folding → Stacking │ ▼ Sterilization → Packaging ``` --- ### **2. Quality Control Metrics Table** | **Parameter** | **Test Method** | **Standard** | |----------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------| | Absorbency Capacity | ASTM D8247 | ≥3x self-weight in 30s| | Burst Strength | ISO 12625-8 | ≥200 kPa | | Brightness | ISO 2470-1 | 85-92% | | Microbial Limits | USP |

2025

03/04

Toilet paper cutting machine

**toilet paper cutting machine** is a specialized industrial device designed to efficiently cut maxi rolls or sheets of toilet paper into smaller, consumer-ready sizes. It plays a critical role in the production line of tissue paper manufacturing machine, ensuring precision, consistency, and high-speed processing. Below are its key features and functions: ### **Main Components** 1. **Unwinding System**: Holds and feeds the large parent roll of toilet paper into the machine. 2. **Cutting Mechanism**: Uses sharp rotary blades or laser technology to slice the paper into desired widths and lengths. 3. **Tension Control**: Maintains proper paper tension during cutting to avoid tearing or misalignment. 4. **Conveyor Belt**: Transports cut paper to the next stage (e.g., folding or packaging). 5. **Control Panel**: Allows operators to adjust parameters like cutting dimensions, speed, and batch counts. ### **Working Principle** The machine unwinds the raw toilet paper roll, guides it through precision blades or laser cutters, and slices it into uniform pieces. Advanced models may include automated sensors to detect flaws or misalignments, ensuring minimal waste and optimal quality. ### **Applications** - Cutting jumbo rolls into smaller household or commercial rolls. - Converting continuous sheets into folded napkins or interleaved tissues. - Customizing sizes for specific markets or packaging requirements. ### **Advantages** - **High Efficiency**: Processes thousands of rolls per hour with minimal downtime. - **Precision Cutting**: Ensures smooth edges and consistent dimensions. - **Safety Features**: Includes emergency stops and blade guards for operator protection. - **Versatility**: Adaptable to different paper types (e.g., recycled, scented, or multi-ply). - **Ease of Maintenance**: Modular design simplifies cleaning and part replacement. ### **Industry Use** Commonly employed in tissue paper factories, packaging facilities, and hygiene product manufacturing plants. Modern machines may integrate IoT technology for real-time monitoring and data-driven optimization. maxi roll heat shrink wrapping machine | maxi roll packing machine | paper towel packing machine | paper packing machine | bobine roll wrapping machine | labeling maxi roll wrapping machine | paper packing machine | toilet paper packing machine | kitchen towel packing machine | paper roll packing machine | toilet paper bundle packing machine | kitchen towel bundle packing machine | toilet tissue paper packing machine | toilet tissue paper bundle machine | tissue paper packing machine | tissue paper bundle packing machine | kitchen towel machine | kitchen towel paper machine | kitchen towel rewinding machine | kitchen towel paper rewinding machine | kitchen towel cutting machine | kitchen towel packing machine | kitchen towel production line | kitchen towel paper production line | towel paper machine | towel paper production line | toilet paper making machine | toilet paper production line | toilet roll machine | toilet roll production line | toilet paper band saw cutting machine | kitchen towel band saw cutting machine | small kitchen towel machine | small paper roll machine | small kitchen towel production line | maxi roll production line | maxi roll cutting machine | maxi roll rewinding machine | maxi kitchen towel roll machine | jumbo roll processing machine | jumbo roll production line | Industrial roll machine | Industrial roll making machine  

2025

02/25

Introduction to facial tissue production line

Facial tissue machine are advanced industrial equipment designed to produce soft, hygienic, and disposable facial tissues efficiently. These machines play a vital role in meeting the global demand for personal care products, ensuring high-quality output while optimizing production costs. Below is an overview of their features, working principles, and applications.   **Key Features** 1. **Automated facial tissue Production Line**: Modern facial tissue machines integrate processes like facial tissue embossing machine, facial tissue folding machine, facial tissue cutting machine, and facial tissue packaging machine into a seamless automated system, minimizing manual intervention. 2. **High-Speed Output**: Capable of producing thousands of tissue sheets per minute, these machines ensure large-scale productivity to meet commercial and household needs. 3. **Customizable Designs**: Adjustable settings allow for variations in tissue size, ply count (1-3 layers), embossing patterns, and packaging styles (boxed or pocket-sized). 4. **Material Compatibility**: Compatible with virgin pulp, recycled paper, or eco-friendly bamboo fibers, catering to diverse market preferences. 5. **Energy Efficiency**: Advanced models incorporate energy-saving technologies to reduce power consumption and carbon footprint. **Working Process** 1. **Unwinding & Ply Bonding**: Large paper rolls are fed into the machine, where multiple layers are bonded using adhesive or mechanical pressing. 2. **Embossing & Perforating**: Embossing rollers add texture for softness, while perforation ensures easy tearing. 3. **Folding & Cutting**: Tissues are folded (interfolded or flat-folded) and cut into individual sheets. 4. **Packaging**: Finished tissues are automatically counted, stacked, and sealed into boxes or plastic wraps. **Technical Advantages** - **Precision Control**: PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) systems monitor every stage for consistent quality. - **Hygienic Standards**: Stainless steel contact parts and dust-proof designs comply with sanitary regulations. - **Low Maintenance**: Self-lubricating components and user-friendly interfaces simplify operation and upkeep.  **Applications** Facial tissues produced by these machines are widely used in households, hotels, restaurants, hospitals, and airlines. They are essential for daily hygiene, skincare, and sanitization purposes.  **Conclusion** Facial tissue manufacturing machines combine innovation, speed, and sustainability to deliver a product that aligns with modern lifestyles. Investing in such machinery not only boosts production capacity but also supports businesses in adapting to evolving consumer expectations for convenience and eco-consciousness. For more details about specifications or customization options, feel free to contact our team! carton box facial tissue packing machine | bag facial tissue packing machine | facial tissue folding machine | tissue paper making machine | facial tissue machine | facial tissue making machine | facial tissue paper machine | V fold facial tissue machine | tissue paper making machinery | hand towel machine | hand towel making machine | facial tissue cutting machine | tissue papre making machine price | facial tissue packing machine | tissue paper packing machine | facial tissue production line | tissue paper production line | interfold tissue paper production line | hand towel packing machine | hand towel cutting machine | hand towel folding machine | hand towel production line

2025

02/20

Toilet paper making machine

Toilet paper machines are specialized equipment designed for the efficient production of toilet paper rolls. These machines play a crucial role in the paper manufacturing industry, transforming raw materials such as wood pulp or recycled paper into the soft, absorbent, and perforated product we use daily. Below is an overview of the key components and processes involved in the operation of a toilet paper machine. ### 1. **Raw Material Preparation** The process begins with the preparation of raw materials. Wood pulp or recycled paper is mixed with water to create a slurry-like mixture called pulp. This mixture is then refined and cleaned to remove impurities, ensuring the final product is smooth and hygienic. ### 2. **Paper Formation** The prepared pulp is fed into the paper machine, where it is spread evenly onto a moving mesh screen. Water is drained from the pulp through the screen, leaving behind a thin layer of fibers. This layer is then pressed and dried to form a continuous sheet of paper. ### 3. **Creping Process** One of the most critical steps in toilet paper production is the creping process. The dried paper sheet is scraped off a heated cylinder using a blade, creating a wrinkled texture. This step gives toilet paper its softness and flexibility, making it comfortable to use. ### 4. **Embossing and Perforation** After creping, the paper may undergo embossing, where patterns are pressed into the surface to enhance texture and absorbency. The paper is then perforated at regular intervals to allow easy tearing into individual sheets. ### 5. **Roll Winding and Cutting** The continuous sheet of paper is wound onto large rolls, which are then cut into smaller, consumer-sized rolls. These rolls are typically wrapped in plastic or paper for protection and hygiene. ### 6. **Packaging** Finally, the toilet paper rolls are packaged into bundles or boxes, ready for distribution to retailers and consumers. Modern machines often include automated packaging systems to streamline this process. ### Key Features of Modern Toilet Paper Machines: - **Automation:** Advanced machines are highly automated, reducing the need for manual intervention and increasing production efficiency. - **Energy Efficiency:** Many machines are designed to minimize energy consumption, contributing to sustainable manufacturing practices. - **Customization:** Manufacturers can adjust settings to produce toilet paper of varying thickness, texture, and ply (single-ply, double-ply, etc.). - **Hygiene Standards:** Machines are built to meet strict hygiene and safety standards, ensuring the final product is safe for consumer use. ### Applications: Toilet paper machines are essential in the production of household and commercial toilet paper, as well as other tissue products such as paper towels and facial tissues. They are widely used in paper mills and manufacturing facilities around the world. In conclusion, toilet paper machines are sophisticated pieces of equipment that combine advanced technology with precise engineering to produce a product that is both functional and essential in our daily lives. Their efficiency and versatility make them a cornerstone of the paper manufacturing industry.

2025

02/14

How to produce toilet paper

The production of toilet paper is a specialized process that includes several key stages, from the preparation of raw materials to the packaging of the finished product. Toilet paper is an indispensable product for every household and its production requires the use of modern technology and equipment to ensure high quality and efficiency. Main stages of toilet paper production Preparation of raw materials: Pre-treated primary or secondary cellulose is used. Pulp production: Produces fiber quality as the basis for future paper. Paper forming: The pulp is converted into thin sheets of paper using a paper machine. Drying and pressing: Removes excess water and improves the texture of the paper. Perforating and slicing: Makes tear sheets and cuts the sheets into rolls. Packaging: Packs the finished toilet paper in a package for transportation and sale. Types of equipment for the production of toilet paper Paper making machines Paper making machines are designed to form and dry paper. These machines ensure uniform pulp distribution and high productivity. Punchers and slicers Punchers and slicers create perforations for the tear sheets and cut the sheets into rolls of the required size. These machines guarantee accuracy and speed of the process. Drying equipment Drying equipment removes moisture from the paper cloth, ensuring its durability and preparing it for further processing. Presses Paper presses are used to improve the texture and density of paper by pressing it. This helps to achieve the desired softness and strength. Toilet paper rewinding machine Toilet paper rewinding machine wind the paper web onto a cardboard liner to form a finished roll. They provide uniform tension and tight winding. Toilet paper packing machine Toilet paper packing machine pack the ready-made toilet paper into packages for transportation and sale. These machines ensure the tightness and protection of the product. Advantages of modern toilet paper production High-quality products thanks to modern technologies and equipment. Environmental safety through the use of recycled materials and reduction of waste. High productivity and efficiency to meet the needs of the market. Flexibility in setting up equipment for the production of various types and types of toilet paper. Conclusion The production of toilet paper is an important industry that provides necessary comfort and hygiene in everyday life. Modern production methods and technologies allow us to create high-quality products that meet the most stringent standards. Thanks to constant innovation, the production of toilet paper is constantly developing and offering new and improved products to the market.

2024

11/19

1 2